International journal of Terrorism & National Security

Purpose: The ROK’s diplomatic maneuverability since the normalization of its relationship with the PRC in 1992 has received much undeserved skepticism from both Beijing and Washington. While Beijing acquiescently acknowledges the necessity of Seoul to maintain an alliance with Washington, it has become critical of it since the ROK’s decision to deploy THAAD in 2016. The paper aims at a better understanding of US intent and purposes of engaging with China over the years. To this end, it attempts to reveal the underlying intent of China’s Belt and Road Initiative by introducing its military nature and characters. Method: This paper is basically researched using the traditional literature(English and Chinese) search method. In this paper, quantitative research methodology was not applied due to the distrust of the survey results in China. The interaction of China's Belt and Road Initiative for the U.S.-ROK allied relationship was conducted through a traditional literature search method. In the future, this research topic is expected to be studied in a scientific analysis research method with proven objectivity. Results: To overcome the dilemma that it conceives itself to be in the ROK must consider the following. First of all, the ROK must consider some of the following PRC will not change as long as the CCP remains in power and the Party upholds communism. Secondly, the ROK must expand its concept of the alliance to something beyond military cooperation. Opportunities for cooperation in areas other than security are bountiful. It must now overcome the restrictions it has put on itself and think globally with its ally since it can now afford to do so. Conclusion: It concludes that the best viable way to defend ROK’s national interest is by protecting its values and ideology that it has upheld for the time being. ROK’s the dilemma between the U.S. and PRC will transpire into something unprecedented. It can be assured by the way the fourth industry is transforming that it will no longer be an economic market and security dependence. The strongest recommendation at this particular juncture is to check whether we are willing to defend our values and ideology.

Purpose: The devastating consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic for individuals, families, communities, countries, and the world as a whole offers vivid proof that microbes could be just as destructive and terrifying than the use of nuclear weapons. Pandemic caused by Covid-19 is realizing the dangers of bioterrorism and is aimed at emphasizing the importance of a system to prepare for it. Method: To this end, the Covid-19 response policies of various European countries are examined to identify and examine the factors needed to respond to bioterrorism. To this end, we looked at the Pandemic response systems in Italy, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom in Europe. Results: As a result, it is necessary to be prepared in advance in responding to infectious diseases and to respond immediately through quick decision-making. The policy also needs to be consistent and clear. In response to terrorism, it's not much different from the epidemic. First, legislation such as immigration policy, quarantine system, and counterterrorism law is needed. It is also necessary to establish protocols and systems for tracking, testing, and isolation of infectious diseases. Finally, it is necessary to educate and promote people in advance so that they can respond to terrorist situations such as bioterrorism. Preparing these policies in advance is a way to overcome emergency situations such as bioterrorism. Conclusion: As a result, preparations for infectious disease measures, quick decision-making, consistency and clarity of policies were derived, and to this end, legislative reform, bioterrorism response protocols were proposed, education and promotion of the people were proposed.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to verify the difference between the number of employees in the organization and the service locations among the general characteristics of the Korean security police. Method: In this study, among police officers in the security department as of 2020 who had experience in work-related North Korean defectors, 100 trainees in the Police Human Resources Development Institute were surveyed via the self-administration method. Among the collected survey questionnaires, 91 were selected as valid samples, excluding those whose answers were incomplete or missing. Results: The study results show that the more than 21 employees in the organization on the stress of the Korean security police, the higher the stress, and the less than 10, the lower the stress. By the service locations, it is found that the stress was higher in larger cities, and the stress was lower in small and medium-sized cities. Conclusion: It is necessary to improve the working environment by providing education and budget so that police officers can communicate and exchange within the organization, and make efforts to reinforce communication with citizens, colleagues, and family, thereby reducing stress.

Purpose: Islamic terrorist groups have repeatedly been created and disappeared in the Middle East, North Africa and Asia since the Muslim Brotherhood. These groups are created and extreme by a combination of factors such as political turmoil, economic inequality, ethnic conflict, and religious conflict in their home countries. The problem is that the terrorist group classified as the Salafi Jihadist wants to form a community based on religious ideology, but the means of realizing it is brutal terrorism. In this paper, we explore the generative background and features of Salafi Jihadism. Method: To identify the Salafi Jihadist, we examine the origins and characteristics of Islamism, Wahhabism, and Salafism, and collect and analyze existing research papers and related institutional data on how Salafi Jihadist originated in Africa, especially why Boko Haram gained power in Nigeria. Results: Nigeria is a large African country with a large population and natural resources, while economic growth has not developed proportionally. The invasion of Western imperialism and colonial rule resulted in economic distortions and failure of racial integration, which resulted in civil war, military extortion of power, and the activities of powerful terrorist groups of powerful terrorists. Conclusion: The Sahel region of Africa, including Nigeria, is a repository of natural resources, but paradoxically, it is becoming a blood land due to the brutal competition for natural resources. Countries in these regions need democratic rule to integrate complex races, and greedy foreign intervention should be blocked. A fundamental prescription is needed to eliminate extremist forces advocating Salafism.

Purpose: In the event of a crisis caused by North Korea's nuclear development, tasks of crisis management leadership to protect national interests and prevent the escalation of the crisis are critical issues in national security. This study theoretically analyzes and evaluates crisis management leadership of South Korean Lee Myung-bak government during North Korea’s second nuclear test in 2009 and Moon Jae-in government during North Korea’s sixth nuclear test in 2017. Based on this, it seeks to theoretically analyze and evaluate tasks of crisis management leadership shown by both governments, and to derive policy implications for successful crisis management leadership. Method: A case study method is conducted to analyze the security crisis cases triggered by the North Korean nuclear tests and to examine leadership tasks of crisis management of South Korean governments during the two nuclear tests. Arjen Boin and Paul ‘t Hart define crisis management leadership as strategic tasks that encompass all activities related to the crisis management stages. In order to analyze tasks of crisis management leadership, this study utilizes and analyzes three factors suggested by Arjen Boin, Paul ‘t Hart, Eric Stern and Bengt Sundelius: sense making(crisis perception), decision making and coordinating, and mean making(crisis communication). Results: The Lee Myung-bak and Moon Jae-in governments recognized nuclear tests were serious provocations threatening the security of the Korean Peninsula, Northeast Asia and the international community. However, there were no early warnings for the two nuclear tests. Immediately after the nuclear tests, both governments promptly held the NSC meeting and employed political, diplomatic, and military countermeasures, while strengthening the ROK-U.S. combined defense posture. They provided prompt information on the crisis situation to the public, and delivered a resolute statement to North Korea to convey South Korea’s resolution. Efforts were made to secure support for South Korea’s policy toward North Korea, focusing on the international community including the U.S., Japan and the United Nations. Conclusion: In order to carry out successful leadership tasks of crisis management, crisis managers must accurately grasp the evolving nature of the crisis and the NSC must be established in advance as an institutional crisis management system for effective crisis decision-making, and the NSC must be actively operated. Moreover, it is necessary to carry out active crisis communication activities to mobilize national power and draw support from the people at the domestic level, and to strengthen support and cooperation from allies and the international community at the international level. In a crisis situation where the instability and vulnerability of the country increases, the multi-dimensional tasks of crisis management leadership should be carried out by mobilizing all capabilities at the diplomatic, security, military, and intelligence dimensions.

Purpose: The sequential combination of AI algorithms, or problem-solving commands, can increase awareness of battlefield situations. This article intends to analyze the efficiency of AI and to discuss the implications of Northeast Asian neighboring countries' application of AI in military affairs. It also explores the ROK's strategies for an AI-based defense system. Method: For better analysis, as a part of case studies, this article reviews the U.S, China, Japan, and Russia's AI application to the national defense, and tries to draw out implications to the ROK's construction of an AIbased defense system. “The military utilization areas of AI are surveillance and reconnaissance(ISR), military, cyber operations, information operations, command and control, semi-autonomous and autonomous vehicles, and autonomous weapons systems” Results: IF we draw out suggestions from neighboring countries are as follows, first, mid-to-long-term AI power acquisition plans should be prepared. Second, AI-based intelligent surveillance, command control, information, firepower, maneuvering, and protection capabilities must be reinforced. Third, we need to expand our ability to support operations based on AI. Fourth, the development of large-capacity tactical network technology is necessary for the effective operation of the AI combat system. Conclusion: This article concluded that the ROK's AI autonomous combat system capability should be strengthened to achieve battlefield superiority. Bracing for the threat from neighboring powers in the changing security environment of Northeast Asia, the ROK should also use AI as a driving force for future military innovation cherishing AI ethics. It needs to improve the ability to utilize AI by strengthening the competitiveness of technology through the cooperation of the private-government-military circles cooperation